Tag: clickbait

  • “The Other 98%” Are Thieves, Scabs, and Grifters

    Hi, everybody! Today, we’re going to have a conversation about clickbait and thieving and scabs and grifters.

    I have gone on for a long time here on my page and done the best that I could over the years to try to raise awareness that there are a lot of bad actors out there, a lot of people who are out there pretending to be leftist and progressive and all this other stuff, but all they do is throw other people’s work around and gather up tons and tons of money. They suck all the oxygen out of the room so real activists and real creators can’t be heard and can be seen and can’t get over.

    So September 3rd, I posted a status message, just an off the top of my head thought about the the ongoing WGA and SAG-AFTRA strike out in California.

    You can see September 3rd at about 11:00 Eastern PM, I posted this status message

    Studios are canceling things to make you mad at striking screenwriters and actors. Don’t fall for it.

    – me, at https://www.facebook.com/JohnHenryUS/posts/pfbid0dNcTmDSsgjxt5EEqZUBB4VGYrmnf4JaUPjdhVy5q4Wy8215Z1h9AskUbiLEbEWHTl

    I posted that on the third and it just kind of sat there for a few days and didn’t really go anywhere. Then all of a sudden, I guess maybe yesterday or late the day before, I noticed I was getting a lot of hits on my Facebook page for some reason, like extraordinary traffic for me, the kind of numbers that I haven’t seen since Facebook shut down the “I love to wake up in the morning when Barack Obama was president” page, which had 200,000 people following it. My little page has 5000 people on it, right? I’m thinking man, this is awesome because I’m part of Facebook’s bonus program now, I actually get paid for my content. And the more people engage and the more people share and spread it around and like and comment, the more I get paid.

    So I’m thinking, yeah, this is awesome. And I watch the numbers and it was like 25,000 people had seen it. And I’m like, wow, that’s, that’s, you know, my normal reach is about nine, 10,000 people a month and all of a sudden it’s doubled and then some. I thought, “Wow, that’s really cool,” and then I just watched it keep climbing – somebody with some reach or a few somebodies with some reach picked up on this message and spread it around and it went sub-viral.

    The last time I looked at the numbers, it had been seen by 150,000 people and blah, blah, blah. Right. Cool, awesome, maybe I’ll pick up a few new followers out of it.

    So a little while ago one of my readers, Jenna – and thank you, Jenna! – pointed out to me this Facebook page called “The Other 98%” had straight up ripped my post off, posted it as their own, and were making huge traffic with it.

    Now like I said earlier, The Other 98% is one of these grifting garbage, thieving, stealing, underhanded, unoriginal piece of crap pages that have built up a huge following, they have 7 million people following them, and all they do is steal other people’s work. They add nothing to the conversation. They don’t do anything but take energy away from real activists and real creators, and they steal all of that energy and direct it towards their own pages.

    I cannot tell you how heartbroken I have been over the years to continually tell people over and over and over again, “you’re being played. These are not left wingers. These are not progressives. These people don’t care anything about solidarity or unions, strength or labor rights or anything else. They’re just trying to line their pockets by appealing to your biases.”

    And I’ve told and told and told and people who I still think very well of and think of as friends, just ignore it. Just ignore it. It’s like I’m not even talking. Right. So, Jenna, one of my readers, showed me this a little while ago on my page, this is the other 98 post from 9 hours ago. It has had one word added to it, one word: Hollywood. That and changing “stuff” to “shows” are the only changes made.

    They’ve got 7 million people following them. I have 5000. You look at the bottom of the screen, 14,000 likes, 1700 comments, 3.6 thousand shares. Based on what I’m seeing from my bonus program, on the numbers from the same post that I originally made, that is at least at least $50 to $100 that’s coming out of my pocket because they stole my work.

    They stole my work.

    These are supposedly progressives and leftists. These are your left-wing heroes. These are your flag wavers of the progressive movement, these are the folks the DNC pays big money to pretend to be grassroots independent activism.

    These are the people who are supposed to be standing against all the plutocrats and all the corporations that are exploiting our labor. 7 million people, stolen from by these underhanded pigs.

    I got 5000 followers on Facebook. I’m not housing secure. I don’t eat on a regular basis. I don’t have shoes that can go outside without my socks getting soaked. I don’t own a car. The computer I’m doing this through is ten years old, and these grifting scumbags have to steal my work, take money directly out of my pocket, take food directly out of my mouth.

    You think I’m not angry? You have no idea how much self-control I am exercising right now.

    The only reason I regret not believing those people are worth the cost of a gallon of gas is that means I don’t get to pour it on, set them on fire, and then refuse to dishonor my perfectly good urine by using it to put them out. Scum. They are scum. They are taking 7 million people for a ride lying through their teeth to them, putting themselves over.

    They’re no different than that white guy in Australia a couple of years ago who collected $100,000 in donations by pretending to represent Black Lives Matter. These people are no different. They are scabs. What they did is no different than crossing a picket line, walking into my office as a screenwriter (if I was one), taking my work, picking it up, writing one word on it, claiming it as their own, and taking my paycheck.

    That’s the other 98%. That’s your big liberal left wing hero that’s fighting your battles for you. And you wonder why the left in this country can’t get anywhere, can’t get anything done. How much more blatant and obvious does it have to be? These people are scum. They don’t deserve your support. They don’t deserve to breathe, as far as I’m concerned…but I got to be real careful how I say that or I’ll get in trouble because it’s okay for them to steal my work, but it’s not okay for me to be angry about it.

    How dare you? How dare you steal somebody’s words standing in solidarity with striking union labor and scab it. Who the hell do you think you are, you disgusting pigs?

    7 million people following these clowns. Half of them are following me, too. This is who you’re paying attention to. This is who you’re rewarding. This is who you’re paying. Every time. And nobody wants to hear it. Nobody wants to listen because nobody likes to be wrong and nobody likes to think they got took for a ride.

    Well, folks, I am showing you right now the absolute clear, incontrovertible evidence you are being taken for a ride by the other 98% and every page like them on the Internet who does the same thing. Every one of them is the same, the other 98% and being liberal and addicting info and all of them, they all do the same thing. They steal other people’s work,and that’s how they build their audiences. That’s how they build their audiences. That’s why they have 7 million people following them. And it’s why I have 5000 following me. Because when I do good work, nobody realizes it’s my work because these chumps steal it, call it their own. And who am I? Oh, I’m just some ranting and raving angry longhair on the internet.

    Learn, Stop rewarding these people. Pay attention to who you’re sharing from. Pay attention to who you’re following and rewarding with your traffic and your eyeballs and your endorsement that you are making every time you share their content. They are thieves. They are stealing. Every single person that has ever given me so much as a dollar just got stolen from by the other 98%.

    I’m talking about senior citizens on fixed incomes who barely have food of their own. But they believe enough in what I do to toss me 25 bucks once in a while. I’m talking about people that are on the streets themselves that see my work and hear what I had to say, and they go, “this is power, this is right, this guy needs support” and they’ll send me five bucks when they don’t even have food of their own. And that’s who the other 98 is ripping off. Every single striking worker that’s on a picket line right now just got stolen from. And half of y’all are helping them do it. Wake up. You are being played. And it ain’t by me.

    You have to stop falling for this stuff. You have to start doing that diligence, paying attention, finding out who you’re supporting, who people are, what they’re doing with your money.

    I starve. I go a day at a time without eating. Sometimes two because I can’t get income for all the work I do. 500 plus posts a month. Nobody sees them because anything I post that gets over, somebody else steals it and puts it over as their own and then they get paid. It is no different than if they walked across those picket lines and took the money out of the hands of the people who are on strike. It’s absolutely no different and you have to stop supporting it.

    This is why we can’t have a solid left wing in this country because we keep getting misled and misdirected by these people, pandering to our biases and we fall for it. They get paid, they get rewarded, and it just goes right back into the machine. And in the meantime, the people who are out here busting their asses, dying, starving, begging, going without food, going without shelter, going without clothing, going without computer equipment are losing out to these giant, thieving, grifting scab scumbags.

    The only reason that works is because we, the people, keep letting at work and it has to stop. I am begging you, please stop putting these people over. They are thieves. They are stealing from you. They are stealing from me. And they are stealing the oxygen out of the entire left wing in this country.

    Thank you very much. Have a nice evening.

  • Morning Message 1.10

    (Note: today’s MM is not good content for video/audio, so text only today.)

    Good morning everyone, welcome to the Morning Message, and let’s start today with yet another douchebag who wants you to think he’s like me. He isn’t. I’m not a clickbaiting douchebag.

    This is “Brad The Rambler”

    And like any ass, he is very much full of crap.

    For those of you on audio, we have a screenshot of Brad – a guy who very much looks like the kinds of people who decided to start wearing flannel and growing goatees right about the same time he heard of grunge music, that is to say two weeks ago. Which pisses me off because all of those people try way to hard to look like I’ve looked since about 1988, and then people think I’m one of them, and that sucks. He’s lip-syncing terribly over a currently popular sound clip that says “Remember kids, the next time somebody says your government wouldn’t do that, oh yes they would!” Then they wrap it around half-assed BS like this, it gets nuked or muted by the algorithm because it’s disinformation, and now the WAKED UP SHEEPLE get to claim they’re being censored.

    WAKE UP SHEEPLE!!! EMBRACE THE TINFOIL HAT BECAUSE THAT MEANS YER AN INDEPENDENT THINKUR!

    No, it means you’re an arrogant mark for yourself.

    Anyway, I wanted to talk about his little bit of BS up there and get the truth of it out into the world. Not only is that truth worth understanding, but understanding how half-asses like this troll your attention away from people who actually bother knowing what the hell they’re talking about before they talk is also very much worth the effort.

    For the benefit of the visually restricted, the caption on the video reads as follows: At the top, overtext reads “Did you know that Quaker Oats in collaboration with the US gov. and MIT fed radioactive oatmeal to mentally challenged kids while telling them they were part of a science club? They won a settlement of 1.85 million in 1998. Loyal to the foil.” Then the caption says “Remember the Fernald school and their part in the eugenics movement along with these terrible experiments that were done under the approval of the GOV…” and a bunch of clickbaity hashtags targeting the easily manipulated and not terribly bright.

    This is one of those cases where someone is taking a kernel of truth, conflating it with a bunch of other kernels, and coming up with vapid clickbait bullshit that serves primarily to trivialize and humorize the thing they’re pretending to be angry about while also pandering to the literal tinfoil hat set.

    Side note: If it’s supposed to be satire, it sucks, but I don’t think it is. When your “satire” is indistinguishable from actual kookery, it’s not satire anymore; it’s kookery. I suspect it’s supposed to be satire somehow because who seriously wears a tinfoil hat? But man…you sure can’t tell from the content.

    There’s a clear, bright line between the mass of dumb clickbait like this and what I and other good-faith writers do, and that line is precisely the difference between acting in the interest of public knowledge and disclosure, and acting in the interests of stroking your own ego with bullshit while putting yourself off to other people just as gullible as you are for profit and social attention.

    So let’s start with the basic facts:

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plutonium_Files

    There’s no question that the US government engaged in non-consensual testing of radioactive material on various human subjects over a period of decades, and that it was ethically obnoxious and tended to mostly target the poor, minorities, and those institutionalized with mental health disorders.

    That said, this is not some groundbreaking revelation of government malfeasance. This is a clickbaiting douchebag jumping on a trendy tiktok audio with a half-assed lip-synch and a misrepresented bit of unpleasant historical trivia because he thinks he’s cool and smart but he’s really just another attention-mongering twat on TikTok who can’t get his facts right and doesn’t care what polluting the information stream with feces does to discourse.

    He’s also got way more money in tinfoil than any reasonable person ought to.

    First, the specific event he’s speaking of happened during WWII. That’s not an excuse for the horrible ethics involved, but it also tells us that this happened in a context when such things were normal and even considered laudible by the mainstream of science, medicine, and government at the time. Horrible? Absolutely. Relevant to anything in 2023? Not in the least. Certainly there’s no action or demand to be made of GOV or “Quaker Oats” here, and again it’s not a historical secret or something that’s just been sitting around unknown until Chad The Scruffy Dudebro ferreted it out.

    Certainly the US government has done far worse before and since. One example that comes immediately to mind which first surfaced as conspiracy theory and proved true was the illegal, clandestine, non-consensual dosing of US citizens and military personnel with LSD and other substances under the MKUltra program, which ran from 1953 to 1973. The Tuskeegee Syphilis murders were conducted for another 25 years after the Fernald School experiments ended. In the Fernald case the radioactive material was “tracer” material – basically inert, like barium before an x-ray or that stuff they put in you for an MRI that makes you feel like you’re wetting your pants. They give someone a tiny bit of radioactive calcium via injection or in their food, then study their bodies to find out how human beings process radiation, how long it takes to leave the body, etc.

    Now I want to be clear that we are talking about non-consensual human medical experimentation, which is unquestionably horrible. Problem with this asshat trying to make money and attention from it is that we knew about all of this thirty years ago. Two entire whole-ass congressional committees were assembled to look at the whole question, reports were issued, condemnations sent forth, and compensation made in many cases (but not all). The problem of medical experimentation without informed consent not only isn’t secret, it’s been an ongoing high-profile conversation for half a century.

    Another problem is that in his arrogance-besotted rush to be Mr. Social Media Star he overlooks a ton of information about this case that is far more contemporary and problematic. For instance, the fact that ostensibly progressive and leftist governor Deval Patrick forced the closure of the Fernald facility against the explicit wishes of patients and their families (after two decades of high-quality reform). The reason given for this was that it was “too expensive,” which is disgusting to me. There’s no such thing as “too expensive” to keep innocent people who are institutionalized living with dignity. The 1993 class action suit resolution explicitly specified that the facility was to remain open and a “guaranteed level of care” provided “regardless of cost,” Patrick’s administration fought this order and continued working to close the facility, refusing to negotiate with patient families and advocates, in order to save money. That’s ugly and wrong.

    To me, that is the real story here: that yet another progressive champion, when faced with a question of putting people over profits, chose profits. That “the government,” when called to account, passed the buck and protected its own while throwing its minor minions under a bus.

    But our boy didn’t get that far, or even close to it, because he’s worried about attracting the attention of credulous, easily manipulated rubes with anti-government agitation and the pretense of some kind of insider knowledge of a big secret conspiracy. Another aspect of the story that Detective Holmes here overlooked is that while Quaker Oats and MIT were ordered to pay $1.8M in restitution, the government agencies and programs that drove the experimentation weren’t held liable at all and suffered no sanction.

    This of course just feeds in to the idea that this was some kind of corporate experiment done with the clandestine cooperation of rogue elements within the government, rather than the truth: it was a federal program in which a single individual commissioned by Quaker was involved, along with a couple of students and professors at MIT. That they were involved is absolutely problematic; that they’re the only ones held responsible is stupid and deceitful.

    That this chode is trying to drum this up like it’s something relevant today beyond being a footnote in the long history of covert power abuse by the US government in the 20th century remains the most problematic part of this.

    What convinced me to deconstruct this is that it’s a bit more nuanced than the usual handwaving “GUBMINT EVUL” clickbait. It’s not that it didn’t happen per se but rather a) it didn’t happen in at all the way this dork is claiming and b) it’s been revealed, examined in great depth, publicized, and dealt with for three decades now. There’s a PBS documentary about it that’s old enough to vote, although regrettably it’s inaccessible online unless you’re affiliated with a college or want to pay $200+ for it…which seems rather exploitative itself, to me.

    This is the equivalent of a TikTok video breathlessly exclaiming that OH MY GOT THE GUY WHO SHOT KENNEDY USED TO BE A MARINE! SURELY THIS NEWS MUST BREAK THE INTERNET!

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Human_Radiation_Experiments

    That’s the result – a congressional investigation in 1994 complete with condemning final report, and that investigation was ignited by the awarding of a Pulitzer prize to the reporter, Eileen Welsome, who first uncovered the information that led to the disclosure of condemning details related to the program. It was first exposed in a science newsletter in 1976, and Mother Jones ran a story about it by Howard Rosenberg in 1981 which led to an even earlier congressional investigation and report, driven largely by congressman Ed Markey and resulting in congressional hearings in 1986. However at that time the Reagan administration refused to cooperate with the investigation.

    The problem here is this chump is trying to further exploit and abuse these people by blowing it up into “eugenics,” which was never the purpose of the experiments, and by appealing to vapid, stupid “waah government” garbage that I’ve discussed the problems with many, many times in the past – primarily that it acts as a smokescreen to prevent us from asking whose government that was, who elected them, who trusted them, and who failed to raise an objection when the abuse was happening.

    That tends to piss me off because now in order to get the facts right my dumb ass has to look like I’m defending non-consensual medical experimentation, which I’m not. It’s absolutely abhorrent that we as humans ever looked at one another as suitable for non-consensual experimentation because we were “other” – in the case of the Fernald school (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_E._Fernald_Developmental_Center), children with mental or behavioral dysfunctions. While it’s indisputible that the school’s namesake was a eugenicist, it’s very much disputable that this was in any way the purpose of the experiments conducted on their students given that the man had already been dead for a quarter-century by then.

    The sensationalized implication of Quaker Oats amounts to their sponsorship of a single research fellow in all of this. This Hermoine-headed bloviating dumbass turns that into Quaker Oats just woke up one day and said “hey let’s inject a bunch of mentally challenged kids with deadly radiation for funsies! We’ll get the GOV in on it, they just love turning people into glowing green soup for no reason!”

    I find the summary of the ACHRE to stand sufficient for a level-headed, non clickbait analysis:

    “In 1946, one study exposed seventeen subjects to radioactive iron. The second study, which involved a series of seventeen related subexperiments, exposed fifty-seven subjects to radioactive calcium between 1950 and 1953. It is clear that the doses involved were low and that it is extremely unlikely that any of the children who were used as subjects were harmed as a consequence. These studies remain morally troubling, however, for several reasons. First, although parents or guardians were asked for their permission to have their children involved in the research, the available evidence suggests that the information provided was, at best, incomplete. Second, there is the question of the fairness of selecting institutionalized children at all, children whose life circumstances were by any standard already heavily burdened.”

    Advisory Committee On Human Radiation Experiments Final Report

    The Wiki points out elsewhere that by “low” they mean “less than the annual background radiation absorbed by a typical resident of Denver, Colorado.” – 330 millirems (3.3 millisieverts), for those keeping score at home. That’s about 3/4 of the exposure from a single mammogram.

    If homey wasn’t trying to BS his way into cheap clickbait traffic he’d have done five minutes of work and found the REALLY outrageous stuff, like the case of Ebb Cade or the systemic forced sterilization – mostly but not entirely of poor, Black, women – conducted under the aegis of law in North Carolina. That was still happening until 1977, the laws empowering it weren’t repealed from NC law until 2003, and it had a hell of a lot more to do directly with eugenics than anything related to the Fernald School experiments.

    So now instead of some shocking revelation of government abuse, what we’ve got is some sketchy dudebro telling the world what a genius he is because he stumbled over a Wikipedia article about some things that happened before most us and indeed most of our parents were even born, and he’s desperate for traffic so he’s gonna act like it’s any cooler for him to exploit these people by using them to troll for internet traffic than it was to exploit them by testing them to find out how the human body handles radiation.

    Plus we’ve got a couple of added bonuses: by shifting focus away from the far more obnoxious practices in the South to these events in Massachusetts, we deflect the problem of racism – which was a key component of eugenics laws – completely out of the picture. Can’t imagine why a white guy would want to do that! It’s also a subtle play into the typical hyperdefensive line of “the North is more bigoted than the South” games played by southern bigots to minimize the intensely disgusting nature of their bigotry, and of course distracts from other issues as previously discussed.

    LOOKIT MEEE I’M SOOOO SMRT N CLEVUR I FOUND THE BIG SECRET! No, chump, no you didn’t. What you did is find a seventy year old crime that was federally investigated thirty years ago and the victims compensated, and now you’re blowing it up because it’s obscure and you think it’ll draw attention to you as some deeply thoughtful and well-researched anti-authoritarian warrior because it’s not one of the more widely known abuses of government power in US history.

    This is hubris on the level of Columbus “discovering” the Americas.

    The reason for that is that all things considered it was about the least abusive and obnoxious of the abuses committed by the US government against their people in the mid-20th century. No injuries, no long-term damage found, no resulting health problems. The kids weren’t beaten or forced to grow tumors or forcibly sterilized against their will.

    Certainly there’s nothing here that merits trying to validate a broad-stroke “anti-government” message in 2023, thirty years after the legal system already addressed the issue and fifty years after that process began, against a background of far more egregious and troubling abuses including some related directly to this incident that the clickbaiter doesn’t even touch.

    It was a crime. That crime was punished and the victims compensated. One may certainly argue the value and propriety of that compensation, but acting like this whole thing is some deep dark secret that nobody knew about and now ol’ Inspector Bradget here is gonna tell you who’s behind the curtain is just the most outrageously self-serving bunch of bullshit ever.

    This guy doesn’t give the first damn about abuse of power, institutionalized kids being abused, or revealing dark secrets of our culture; what he gives a damn about is whether he can con some freshman sorority pledge into sleeping with him because he’s oh so edgy and counterculture. It’s written all over his face and attitude, and mostly it’s written in the way he’s taken what could be a pretty decent story that encourages people to look more closely at their government and how they make political decisions, and turned it into a covert dating advertisement.

    As a sidebar it’s a pretty good example of why it wouldn’t bother me in the least if TikTok and its analogs disappeared from the ‘net entirely. Issues like this aren’t made for 30-second explanations.

    All of this took me about fifteen minutes to ferret out in Google searches enriched by prior education and reasonably well-developed critical thinking skills…and that tells me that rather than a substantive and meaningful effort to bring attention to an obscure violation of human rights, this author’s primary purpose is drawing attention to themselves, and that’s no more ethical, honorable, or even useful than the crimes they claim to be revealing.

    Always check. Even my work – I’m not infallible either.

  • The Right Way To Be Wrong

    Everybody’s wrong sometimes. There’s nothing bad about that; we learn from being wrong, or should.

    Often you can get a sense of what’s motivating a person or entity by observing how they behave when they’re caught being wrong.

    A longtime friend and supporter showed me this article in which a recent meme from longtime clickbait/meme farm The Other 98 asserting off-hand that “Funny how we haven’t seen a single American mega church offer ANYTHING to the Ukrainians…” is entirely debunked as without factual basis.

    Followup shows that the page didn’t pull the image but rather changed the description…which is only useful when people have shared the description and not just copied/pasted the image as is the case more often than not. They could have just as easily thrown a DEBUNKED stamp on the original and edited that into the original post while deleting the first image entirely, but they didn’t.

    This is why you can’t just go sharing everything that confirms your biases. There’s nothing about the underlying values the meme ostensibly represents that’s wrong, it’s just that someone was in a bigger hurry to push people’s emotional buttons for easy traffic – 22K shares last I looked – than to get their facts straight.

    Perhaps my failure to adopt that attitude even as all of social media fell into it is why I don’t have 5 million people following me rather than 5 thousand aside from the big page where I’m a co-admin, but I also really like knowing that nobody can credibly accuse me of putting my own advancement, comfort, or benefit over the principles I believe in and the messages I’m trying to get into the world.

    Everybody gets it wrong sometimes, including me, and that’s okay. It’s what you do about it that matters. The right way to deal with this would have been to edit the post and replace the image with one showing clearly that it had been debunked.

    As it happens, I’ve been through this precise situation myself, probably a decade or so ago; back then it wasn’t possible to change the image in a post after it was posted, all you could do is delete it and just deleting it wasn’t sufficient to notify people it wasn’t accurate. I created a new corrected image and linked it in the description of the old, with edited text making clear that the original image was inaccurate and should not be used. Back then that was about the best you could do; the tools have since evolved.

    As a source of information, If performative ass-covering while still trying to reap the benefits of your error is your first instinct, it’s probably time to take a hard look in the mirror and ask yourself honestly what you’re really trying to do.

    As an activist or activist organization it’s vital to keep your priorities straight and not do things like this, because every time you do you’re validating criticism from “the other side” that call you “fake news” or accuse you of “lying” or “misinformation” or “propaganda,” and not without solid merit to their argument. Journalism currently has a similar problem; sensationalism “puts asses in seats” but it’s not often accurate.

    As a consumer of information it’s always imperative to make sure you’ve checked your facts – not just when something’s asserted that you don’t agree with anyway, but *even more so* when you do.

    Understanding bias is a core component of information literacy, which is a critical life skill for the modern day and beyond. That very much begins with understanding our own biases, because those are the ones that are going to most often be used against us. This is something I’ve been teaching for a very long time, and is now one of the core concepts underpinning CUSTODE. Our vulnerability to being easily manipulated by mass media has far outpaced the growth of our ability to see through the malicious application of persuasive communication, and until we fix that none of the challenges we currently face will ever truly be resolved.